![]() ![]() Sexual freedom had been a subject for lively debate within Communist party circles during the 1920s, but during the following decade, Stalin ensured that Soviet society depicted itself as virtually asexual. The sense of domination certainly continued, but this was perhaps partly an indirect product of the humiliations which they themselves had suffered at the hands of their commanders and the Soviet authorities as a whole.Ī number of other forces or influences were at work. By the time the Red Army reached Berlin three months later, its soldiers tended to regard German women more as a casual right of conquest. Yet after the initial fury of January 1945 dissipated, the sadism became less marked. Rape is the act of a conqueror, the feminist historian Susan Brownmiller observed, aimed at the "bodies of the defeated enemy's women" to emphasise his victory. The victims not only bore the brunt of revenge for Wehrmacht crimes, they also represented an atavistic target as old as war itself. "Only German soldiers do that." The Red Army had managed to convince itself that because it had assumed the moral mission to liberate Europe from fascism it could behave entirely as it liked, both personally and politically.ĭomination and humiliation permeated most soldiers' treatment of women in East Prussia. "Russian soldiers do not shoot women," they replied. When gang-raped women in Königsberg begged their attackers afterwards to put them out of their misery, the Red Army men appear to have felt insulted. One can only scratch at the surface of the psychological contradictions. "Our fellows were so sex-starved," a Soviet major told a British journalist at the time, "that they often raped old women of sixty, seventy or even eighty - much to these grandmothers' surprise, if not downright delight." The capacity of Soviet officers to convince themselves that most of the victims were either happy with their fate, or at least accepted that it was their turn to suffer after what the Wehrmacht had done in Russia, is striking. He even went on to boast that "two million of our children were born" in Germany. ![]() "They all lifted their skirts for us and lay on the bed," said the leader of one tank company. The handful prepared to speak openly, however, are totally unrepentant. The subject of the Red Army's mass rapes in Germany has been so repressed in Russia that even today veterans refuse to acknowledge what really happened. A number of victims were mutilated obscenely. ![]() But then, all too often, they drank too much and, unable to complete the act, used the bottle instead with appalling effect. It seems as if Soviet soldiers needed alcoholic courage to attack a woman. "It was an army of rapists."ĭrink of every variety, including dangerous chemicals seized from laboratories and workshops, was a major factor in the violence. "The Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty," she recounted later. Natalya Gesse, a close friend of the scientist Andrei Sakharov, had observed the Red Army in action in 1945 as a Soviet war correspondent. But some women were deeply shaken by what they witnessed in Germany. Several German women recorded how Soviet servicewomen watched and laughed when they were raped. "Our soldiers' behaviour towards Germans, particularly German women, is absolutely correct!" said a 21-year-old from Agranenko's reconnaissance detachment. Even many young women soldiers and medical staff in the Red Army did not appear to disapprove. But either officers were involved themselves, or the lack of discipline made it too dangerous to restore order over drunken soldiers armed with submachine guns.Ĭalls to avenge the Motherland, violated by the Wehrmacht's invasion, had given the idea that almost any cruelty would be allowed. The commander of one rifle division is said to have "personally shot a lieutenant who was lining up a group of his men before a German woman spreadeagled on the ground". There were also a few arbitrary attempts to exert authority. Marshal Rokossovsky issued order No 006 in an attempt to direct "the feelings of hatred at fighting the enemy on the battlefield." It appears to have had little effect. Numerous examples of gang rape were given - "girls under 18 and old women included". One stated that "many Germans declare that all German women in East Prussia who stayed behind were raped by Red Army soldiers". Beria and Stalin, back in Moscow, knew perfectly well what was going on from a number of detailed reports. ![]()
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